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§á§à §Ó§ã§Ö§Û §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ö 1 §ñ§ß§Ó§Ñ§â§ñ), §á§â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§ß§Ú§Ü §£§Ö§ã§ß§í (§¯§à§Ó§í§Û §Ô§à§Õ §á§à §Ý§å§ß§ß§à§Þ§å
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§Õ§ß§Ö§Û), §®§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§í§Û §Ø§Ö§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §Õ§Ö§ß§î (8 §Þ§Ñ§â§ä§Ñ), §¥§Ö§ß§î §Ý§Ö§ã§à§á§à§ã§Ñ§Õ§à§Ü
(12 §Þ§Ñ§â§ä§Ñ), §¥§Ö§ß§î §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Û §ã§à§Ý§Ú§Õ§Ñ§â§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §ä§â§å§Õ§ñ§ë§Ú§ç§ã§ñ (1
§Þ§Ñ§ñ), §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Û §á§â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§ß§å§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ó§ã§Ö§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à §ä§â§Ú §Õ§ß§ñ, §¥§Ö§ß§î §Þ§à§Ý§à§Õ§Ö§Ø§Ú
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"§¹§Ø§å§ß§è§ð". §¯§Ñ§â§ñ§Õ§å §ã §à§Ò§ë§Ú§Þ§Ú §á§â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Þ§ß§à§Ô§Ú§Ö §ß§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §Þ§Ö§ß§î§ê§Ú§ß§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ
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§á§â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§ß§Ú§Ü "§£§à§Õ§í", §å §Þ§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§à§Ó - "§¯§Ñ§Õ§à§Þ", §Ú§ñ§ß§Ö §à§ä§Þ§Ö§é§Ñ§ð§ä §á§â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§ß§Ú§Ü "§¶§Ñ§Ü§Ö§Ý§Ñ",
§ñ§à§ä§ñ§ß§Ö §ã§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä §á§â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§ß§Ú§Ü "§¥§Ñ§ß§å",
§Ò§Ñ§Û§è§í §å§ã§ä§â§Ñ§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä "§®§Ñ§â§ä§à§Ó§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §Ò§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§â", §é§Ø§å§Ñ§ß§í - §á§Ö§ã§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §ã§à§â§Ö§Ó§ß§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ,
§ä§Ú§Ò§Ö§ä§è§í §à§ä§Þ§Ö§é§Ñ§ð§ä §ä§Ú§Ò§Ö§ä§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §¯§à§Ó§í§Û §Ô§à§Õ §Ú §á§â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§ß§Ú§Ü §å§â§à§Ø§Ñ§ñ "§£§Ñ§ß§Ô§à",
§Þ§ñ§à§é§Ñ§ß§Ö - §á§â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§ß§Ú§Ü "§´§ñ§à§ç§å§Ñ".
§±§â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§ß§Ú§Ü §Ó§Ö§ã§ß§í
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§á§â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Þ. §£ §á§â§à§ê§Ý§à§Þ §ï§ä§à§ä §á§â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§ß§Ú§Ü §ß§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§Ý§ã§ñ "§³§Ú§ß§î§ß§ñ§ß§î" (§¯§à§Ó§í§Þ
§Ô§à§Õ§à§Þ), §ä§Ñ§Ü §Ü§Ñ§Ü §á§à §Ý§å§ß§ß§à§Þ§å §Ü§Ñ§Ý§Ö§ß§Õ§Ñ§â§ð (§ï§ä§à §Ý§Ö§ä§à§Ú§ã§é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§ä§à
§Ó §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§Ú §¬§Ú§ä§Ñ§ñ §Ú§Ù§Õ§â§Ö§Ó§Ý§Ö) §á§â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§ß§Ú§Ü §£§Ö§ã§ß§í §Ü§Ñ§Ü §â§Ñ§Ù §á§â§Ú§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Ý§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §á§Ö§â§Ó§í§Û
§Õ§Ö§ß§î §ß§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ. §±§à§ã§Ý§Ö §³§Ú§ß§î§ç§Ñ§Û§ã§Ü§à§Û §â§Ö§Ó§à§Ý§ð§è§Ú§Ú (1911 §Ô.) §Ó §¬§Ú§ä§Ñ§Ö
§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§ñ§ä§î§ã§ñ §ß§à§Ó§í§Û §ã§ä§Ú§Ý§î §Ý§Ö§ä§à§Ú§ã§é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Þ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Þ, §¯§à§Ó§í§Û
§Ô§à§Õ §á§à §Ý§å§ß§ß§à§Þ§å §Ü§Ñ§Ý§Ö§ß§Õ§Ñ§â§ð §Ò§í§Ý §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§à§Ó§Ñ§ß §Ó §á§â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§ß§Ú§Ü §£§Ö§ã§ß§í (§à§ß §á§â§Ú§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä§ã§ñ
§ß§Ñ §à§Õ§Ú§ß §Ú§Ù §Õ§ß§Ö§Û §ã §ä§â§Ö§ä§î§Ö§Û §Õ§Ö§Ü§Ñ§Õ§í §ñ§ß§Ó§Ñ§â§ñ §á§à §Ó§ä§à§â§å§ð §Õ§Ö§Ü§Ñ§Õ§å §æ§Ö§Ó§â§Ñ§Ý§ñ
§á§à §ß§à§Ó§à§Þ§å §ã§ä§Ú§Ý§ð §Ý§Ö§ä§à§Ú§ã§é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ). §±§â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§ß§Ú§Ü §£§Ö§ã§ß§í §ã§à§á§â§à§Ó§à§Ø§Õ§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §â§Ñ§ã§Ü§Ý§Ö§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ
§á§Ñ§â§ß§í§ç §Ò§å§Þ§Ñ§Ø§ß§í§ç §ß§Ñ§Õ§á§Ú§ã§Ö§Û §á§à §à§Ò§Ö§Ú§Þ §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§Ñ§Þ §Ó§ç§à§Õ§Ñ §Ó §Õ§à§Þ, §Ü§à§Þ§ß§Ñ§ä§í
§å§Ü§â§Ñ§ê§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ú§Ù §Ó§ß§å§ä§â§Ú §Ý§å§Ò§à§é§ß§í§Þ§Ú §ß§à§Ó§à§Ô§à§Õ§ß§Ú§Þ§Ú §Ü§Ñ§â§ä§Ú§ß§Ü§Ñ§Þ§Ú. §£ §ß§à§é§î §ß§Ñ§Ü§Ñ§ß§å§ß§Ö
§á§â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ §£§Ö§ã§ß§í, §Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§å§Ö§Þ§å§ð "§é§å§ã§Ú", §Ó§ã§ñ §ã§Ö§Þ§î§ñ §ã§à§Ò§Ú§â§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ó§Þ§Ö§ã§ä§Ö §Ú
§å§ã§ä§â§Ñ§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §à§Ò§Ú§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §á§â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§ß§Ú§é§ß§í§Û §å§Ø§Ú§ß. §£§à §Þ§ß§à§Ô§Ú§ç §ã§Ö§Þ§î§ñ§ç §ß§Ö §Ý§à§Ø§Ñ§ä§ã§ñ
§ã§á§Ñ§ä§î §Ó§ã§ð §ß§à§é§î, §ï§ä§à §ß§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ "§ê§à§å§ã§å§Û" - §à§Ø§Ú§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §¯§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ.
§µ§ä§â§à§Þ §ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§ð§ë§Ö§Ô§à §Õ§ß§ñ §á§à§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä§î §Õ§à§Þ§Ñ §â§à§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §Ú §Ò§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ü§Ú§ç
§ã §á§à§Ù§Õ§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú §Ú §á§à§Ø§Ö§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú §Ó§ã§Ö§ç §Ò§Ý§Ñ§Ô. §£ §Õ§ß§Ú §á§â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ §£§Ö§ã§ß§í
§å§ã§ä§â§Ñ§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §ä§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§í§Ö §Þ§Ñ§ã§ã§à§Ó§í§Ö §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ: §ä§Ñ§ß§è§í §Ý§î§Ó§à§Ó, §á§Ý§ñ§ã§Ü§Ú
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§±§â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§ß§Ú§Ü "§À§Ñ§ß§î§ã§ñ§à"
§°§ß §á§â§Ú§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ 15-§Û §Õ§Ö§ß§î §á§Ö§â§Ó§à§Ô§à §Þ§Ö§ã§ñ§è§Ñ §á§à §Ý§å§ß§ß§à§Þ§å
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§á§Ö§â§Ó§í§Þ §á§à§Ý§ß§à§Ý§å§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §Ó §ß§à§Ó§à§Þ §Ô§à§Õ§å. §£ §ï§ä§à§ä §Õ§Ö§ß§î §Ö§Õ§ñ§ä "§ð§Ñ§ß§î§ã§ñ§à" §Ú §Ý§ð§Ò§å§ð§ä§ã§ñ
§á§â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§ß§Ú§é§ß§í§Þ§Ú §æ§à§ß§Ñ§â§ñ§Þ§Ú. "§À§Ñ§ß§î§ã§ñ§à" §Ô§à§ä§à§Ó§ñ§ä §Ú§Ù §Ü§Ý§Ö§Û§Ü§à§Ô§à §â§Ú§ã§Ñ §ã§à §ã§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ü§à§Û
§ß§Ñ§é§Ú§ß§Ü§à§Û. §°§ß§Ú §Ú§Þ§Ö§ð§ä §æ§à§â§Þ§å §ê§Ñ§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ §Ú §ã§Ú§Þ§Ó§à§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ú§â§å§ð§ä §ã§é§Ñ§ã§ä§î§Ö §Õ§â§å§Ø§ß§à§Û
§ã§Ö§Þ§î§Ú. §°§Ò§í§é§Ñ§Û §Ý§ð§Ò§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §æ§à§ß§Ñ§â§ñ§Þ§Ú, §á§à§ñ§Ó§Ú§Ó§ê§Ú§Û§ã§ñ §Ó I §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ö, §Ú §ä§Ö§á§Ö§â§î
§ã§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ó§à §Þ§ß§à§Ô§Ú§ç §â§Ñ§Û§à§ß§Ñ§ç §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§í. §£§Ö§é§Ö§â§à§Þ §Ó §á§â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§ß§Ú§Ü "§À§Ñ§ß§î§ã§ñ§à"
§Ó§à §Þ§ß§à§Ô§Ú§ç §Ô§à§â§à§Õ§Ñ§ç §à§ä§Ü§â§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§â§Ü§Ú §æ§à§ß§Ñ§â§Ö§Û, §Ô§Õ§Ö §Ó§í§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ
§ã§Ñ§Þ§í§Ö §Ü§â§Ñ§ã§à§é§ß§í§Ö §æ§à§ß§Ñ§â§Ú - §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú§ã§Ü§å§ã§ß§í§ç §Þ§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§â§à§Ó. §°§ß§Ú §á§à§â§Ñ§Ø§Ñ§ð§ä
§â§Ñ§Ù§ß§à§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§Ú§Ö§Þ §æ§à§â§Þ §Ú §ã§ð§Ø§Ö§ä§à§Ó. §£ §Õ§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§ß§ñ§ç §á§à §à§Ò§í§é§Ñ§ð §å§ã§ä§â§Ñ§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ
§æ§Ö§Û§Ö§â§Ó§Ö§â§Ü§Ú, §ê§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ §ß§Ñ §ç§à§Õ§å§Ý§ñ§ç, §ä§Ñ§ß§è§í §Õ§â§Ñ§Ü§à§ß§à§Ó, §ç§à§â§à§Ó§à§Õ§í "§ñ§ß§Ô§ï",
§Ü§Ñ§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §ß§Ñ §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§Ý§ñ§ç §Ú §Õ§â§å§Ô§Ú§Ö §Þ§Ö§â§à§á§â§Ú§ñ§ä§Ú§ñ.
§±§â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§ß§Ú§Ü "§¸§Ú§ß§Þ§Ú§ß"
§±§â§Ú§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §à§Õ§ß§Ú §Ú§Ù §Õ§ß§Ö§Û 4 - 6 §Ñ§á§â§Ö§Ý§ñ. §ª§Ù§Õ§â§Ö§Ó§Ý§Ö §Ó §ï§ä§à§ä §Õ§Ö§ß§î
§á§à§Þ§Ú§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú §ã§Ó§à§Ú§ç §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ü§à§Ó. §¡ §ß§í§ß§Ö §Ó §á§â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§ß§Ú§Ü "§¸§Ú§ß§Þ§Ú§ß" §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú §å§ã§ä§â§Ñ§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ä§î
§Þ§Ö§â§à§á§â§Ú§ñ§ä§Ú§ñ §Ó §á§Ñ§Þ§ñ§ä§î §à §á§Ñ§Ó§ê§Ú§ç §â§Ö§Ó§à§Ý§ð§è§Ú§à§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§ç §Ú §á§à§Ô§Ú§Ò§ê§Ú§ç §Ô§Ö§â§à§ñ§ç.
§£ §ï§ä§à§ä §Õ§Ö§ß§î §á§â§Ú§Ó§à§Õ§ñ§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §á§à§â§ñ§Õ§à§Ü §Ú§ç §Þ§à§Ô§Ú§Ý§í. §£ "§¸§Ú§ß§Þ§Ú§ß" §å§Ø§Ö §ä§Ö§á§Ý§à,
§á§â§Ú§â§à§Õ§Ñ §â§Ñ§ã§è§Ó§Ö§ä§Ñ§Ö§ä, §Ú §Ý§ð§Õ§Ú §à§ä§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §Ù§Ñ§Ô§à§â§à§Õ§ß§í§Ö §á§â§à§Ô§å§Ý§Ü§Ú, §Ù§Ñ§á§å§ã§Ü§Ñ§ð§ä
§Ò§å§Þ§Ñ§Ø§ß§í§ç §Ù§Þ§Ö§Ö§Ó, §Ý§ð§Ò§å§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ó§Ö§ã§Ö§ß§ß§Ö§Û §á§â§Ú§â§à§Õ§à§Û, §á§à§ï§ä§à§Þ§å §á§â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§ß§Ú§Ü "§¸§Ú§ß§Þ§Ú§ß"
§Ö§ë§Ö §ß§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä "§´§Ñ§è§Ú§ß§è§Ù§Ö" - §Õ§Ö§ß§î §á§â§à§Ô§å§Ý§à§Ü §á§à §á§Ö§â§Ó§à§Û §Ù§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú.
§±§â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§ß§Ú§Ü "§¥§å§Ñ§ß§î§å"
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§é§ä§à §à§ß §Ó§à§Ù§ß§Ú§Ü §Ü§Ñ§Ü §á§Ñ§Þ§ñ§ä§î §à §Õ§â§Ö§Ó§ß§Ö§Ü§Ú§ä§Ñ§Û§ã§Ü§à§Þ §á§à§ï§ä§Ö-§á§Ñ§ä§â§Ú§à§ä§Ö §¸§ð§Û §À§Ñ§ß§Ö
(340 - 278 §Ô§Ô. §Õ§à §ß. §ï.). §±§à§ï§ä §Ø§Ú§Ý §Ó §è§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §¹§å §Ó §ï§á§à§ç§å §£§à§ð§ð§ë§Ú§ç
§è§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó. §°§ß §ß§Ö §ã§Þ§à§Ô §à§ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ä§î §ã§Ó§à§Ú §á§à§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §è§Ö§Ý§Ú, §Ò§í§Ý §ß§Ö §Ó
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§Ó §â§Ö§Ü§å §®§Ú§Ý§à§è§Ù§ñ§ß. §³§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ã§ß§à §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ð, §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö §ã§Þ§Ö§â§ä§Ú §á§à§ï§ä§Ñ §Ý§ð§Õ§Ú §ã§Ö§Ý§Ú
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